MICRO ELECTRONIC PILLS
K J Sree Bhargava,
I B.Tech.,ECE, Gudlavalleru
Engineering College,Gudlavalleru.
ABSTRACT:
The purpose of this document is to provide the information about the innovation of new device in electronics called Micro Electronic Pill in the field of Bio-Medical Measurement, this is mainly used for diagnosis of internal part mainly gastrointestinal system which cannot be easily done with the help of normal endoscope. It is modern wireless type of endoscopic monitoring system.
INTRODUCTION:
Our body is a sensitive system. At some situations, doctors can’t easily detect diseases and hence it becomes too late to cure it. Use of electronic pill helps us to easily detect the diseases and can take sudden action against it. In 1972, Professor John Cooper and Eric Johnson from Glasgow University, U.K has led to the development of electronic pill. It is a medical monitoring system. Measurement parameters of electronic pills include temperature analysis, pH measurements, conductivity and dissolved oxygen. And they can also capture images and sent it into a system. Electronic pills are swallowable. It has a 16 mm diameter, a length of 55 mm and 5 gram weight. This pill is covered by chemically resistant polyether-terketone (PEEK) coating.
When it moves through
gastro-intestinal track it starts to detect diseases and abnormalities. A small
electronic pill can easily reach areas such as small intestine and large intestine
and can deliver real time information to an external system. Total information
will be displayed in a monitor. The electronic pill travels to the digestive
system, collects data and sends it into the computer with a distance of 1 meter
and more
STRUCTURE
OF ELECTRONIC PILL:
Main parts of electronic pills are four sensors,an ASIC chip, a radio transmitter and a powersource
RADIO TRANSMITTER:
Radio transmitter transmits all the
data from base station to the receiving end. Size of the radiotransmitter is
about 8x4x3 mm. Frequency shift Keying is the modulation scheme used in this
radio transmitter. Data transfer rate is 1 Kbps. Frequency is about 40.01 KHz
at 20o C. 10 KHz is the bandwidth of the signal that was
generated by the radio transmitter. It consumes 2.2 mA of current at 6.8
mW power.
CONTROL CHIP:
An
array consisting of both temperature sensor & pH sensor platforms were cut
from the wafer & attached onto 100-µm- thick glass cover slip cured on a
hot plate. The plate acts as a temporary carrier to assist handling of the
device during level 1 of lithography
when the electric connections tracks, electrodes bonding pads are
defined. Bonding pads provide electrical contact to the external electronic
circuit
BIO-COMPATIBLE CAPSULE ENCASING MICRO
SENSOR:
This device consists of 4
microelectronic sensors. They are:
Ø
SILICON DIODE which is used to identify the body
temperature. They are the commonly used temperature sensors in electronic
equipments. This temperature sensor is attached in the substrate. The main
advantage of this sensor is that, it is a silicon integrated circuit at very
low cost.
Ø
ISFET (Ion-Sensitive
Field-Effect Transistor). ISFET is used for measuring ion concentration in
solution. There are so many diseases which occur due to abnormal pH level. They
are; reflux of oesophagus, inflammatory bowel disease, hypertension, activity
of fermenting bacteria, pancreatic disease, level of acid excretion and effect
of GI specific drugs on target organs.
Ø
Direct Contact Gold
Electrode. It helps to measure conductivity. Gold has the best conductivity
compared to other elements, so it gives accurate value. Conductivity measures
are done by measuring the contents of water and salt absorption, breakdown of
organic compounds into charged colloids and the bile secretion.
Ø
Three-Electrode
Electrochemical Cell is the main sensor in electronic pill. It is used to calculate rate of dissolved oxygen and
identify the activity of aerobic bacteria in small intestine and large
intestine
All these sensors are controlled by
application specific integrated circuit. Also, all the other components of the
electronic pill are connected to ASIC.
ASIC
consist of analog signal conditioning, 10bit analog to digital
convertor/digital to analog convertor, relaxation oscillator circuit (OSC) and
digital signal processing circuit. All these circuits are powered by two SR48
Ag2O batteries. It has 35 hours working capacity and supply voltage is about
3.1V. Power consumption is 15.5 mW. SENSORS are fabricated on two
silicon chips that are located at the front end of the capsule. Both pH and
oxygen sensors are enclosed by two separate 8 nL electrolyte chambers containing
a 0.1 KOH solution retained in a 0.2% calcium alginate gel. Oxygen sensor
is covered by 12 µm thick film of Teflon and the pH sensor is covered by 12 µm
thick film of nafion. Both sensors are protected by a 15 µm thick dialysis membrane of
polycarbonate. All the data is collected by ASIC and sent to the base station.
From this base station doctors identify the problem.
Visual based electronic pill consists
of a camera. By using this camera entire picture can be captured and it is send
through a wireless connection. Earlier, the electronic pills have narrow band
transmission and have limited number of camera pixels. The allowable bandwidth
in Medical Implant Communication Services (MICS) is only 300 KHz. It is very
difficult to transmit high quality videos during real time transmission. In UWB
communication (wideband technology), data rate transmission is equal to or
higher than 100 Mbps.After diagnosis, the electronic pill can come out through
bowel movement. In medical field other name for electronic pill is “Magical
pill for health care”, because it is very easy to detect disease infected areas
or any other abnormalities. Mainly
electronic pills are classified into two types; first one includes
Camera, which collect disease detected areas and send it to the system, and
the second one contains only Sensors. These sensors measure pH
level, temperature, oxygen level etc.
ADVANTAGES:
Ø
It is beneficial to detect the diseases and malfunctioning
in the remote areas of gastro intestinal track just like pancreatic disease,
inflammatory bowel disease, activity of fermented bacteria, acidic level and esophagus
reflux which is out of reach for conventional endoscopic device.
Ø
It can be used in
corrosive surrounding of GI tract.
Ø
It consumes very less
power as it operates in Programmable Standby Mode.
Ø
Its practical
application is very simple as it has very small in size.
Ø
The battery lasts for 40 hours which is sufficient to carry
out any type of complete internal diagnosis. F. The transmission length is
limited to a distance of only one meter, so it has zero noise interference.
DISADVANTAGES:
Ø
The ultrasonic activities&impedance topographies cannot
be performed by this.
Ø
It is unable to detect radiation abnormalities.
Ø
The treatment through Micro Pill is very expensive and is
not available in many
regions.
Ø
The size of pill is small but it is not as small that can
be digested by small babies.
OTHER APPLICATIONS:
The generic nature of
microelectronic pill makes it adaptable for use to environmental and industrial
applications,pollution detection, control of fermentation process and
inspection of pipelines. The integration of radiation sensors and the
application of indirect imaging technologies such as ultra sound and impedance
tomography, will improve the detection of tissue abnormalities and radiation
treatment associated with cancer and chronic inflammation.
CONCLUSION:
A high capacity radio
system is currently necessary for electronic pill technology in order to
visually examine the digestive track wireless with better and detailed images
Techniques and methodologies have been presented in this document for the use
of wideband technology in a miniaturized electronic pill to provide a high
capacity wireless channel. A prototyping system including UWB
transmitter/receiver and antennas has been developed to investigate the
feasibility of a high data rata transmission for the electronic pill
technology. Integration of antenna with the UWB transmitter electronics has
been considered in a capsule shaped structure. Although it is known that tissue
imposes strong attenuation at higher frequencies, we have shown there are some
advantages to use wideband technology. Due to the high data rate
capacity (e.g. 100 Mbps), a wideband electronic pill can transmit raw video
data without any compressing, resulting low-power, less delay in real-time and
increased picture resolution. With a high definition camera such as 2.0megapixels,
UWB telemetry can send up to 10 frame per second (fps). We believe that the
wideband pill.
REFERENCES:
1.
Mehmet R. Yuce, Tharaka Dissanayake, Ho Chee Keong e journal.
2.
http://www.seminarsonly.com/Applied%20Electronics%20&%20Instrumentation/MICRO%20ELECTRONIC%20PILL.php.
Electronics and nano technologies by
5.
http://projects.uandistar.org/2013/01/micro-electronic-pill-ieee-e-journal
